Many people use the terms weight and mass interchangeably, but they are two distinct physical properties. Mass represents the amount of matter an object contains, while weight depends on the force exerted by gravity on that object.

The most common unit used to measure mass is the kilogram, abbreviated as kg. There are other units of measurement for mass, however.

Units of Mass

There are many units of mass used in the Metric System of Measurements (MSM), but the most common is the kilogram, or kg. A kilogram is the equivalent to 1000 g.

The kilogram is one of the seven base units of the SI, or International System of Units. It is defined by the mass of the International Prototype Kilogram, a roughly golfball-sized platinum-iridium cylinder stored in a vault in the International Bureau of Weights and Measures on the outskirts of Paris.

There is an effort underway to redefine the kilogram in terms of a fundamental physical constant, similar to the way the meter was redefined in terms of the speed of light. Two possibilities are currently being investigated: the Planck constant and the Avogadro constant.

Gravitational Mass

It’s obvious from Galileo’s Pisa experiments (Figure 5.3) that the strength of an object’s gravitational force depends only on one property: its mass. But what isn’t so obvious is the fact that the inertial property of an object, its resistance to acceleration, also depends on its mass.

This is what led Einstein to develop his weak equivalence principle — that inertial and gravitational masses are the same for all objects and substances. This is why, for example, a heavy brass cylinder and an aluminum cylinder of the same size are both heavier than air and have the same weight, even when they’re in space far from any significant source of gravity. However, this is not the case when comparing an object’s inertial and gravitational mass at rest, because they follow different trajectories. So, for this comparison, a true balance is used. This is the type of scale that you find in a bathroom or clinic that measures your weight.

Inertial Mass

Mass is a property of an object that determines its resistance to change in motion. It is measured by applying a known force to an object and measuring the acceleration that results. An object with greater inertial mass will accelerate less than an object with lesser inertial mass when acted upon by the same force, because it requires more force to cause a given acceleration.

In contrast, an object’s gravitational mass is determined by the net force and acceleration of that object in a given gravity field. These two measures of mass differ and some physicists make a distinction between them, with some using scales and true balances to measure gravitational mass and others dispenseing with gravity altogether, like astronauts aboard Skylab, by counting falling atoms.

Most digital scales give you a weight number for an object, but they aren’t necessarily measuring either the inertial or gravitational mass of that object. The reason is that the same unit of measurement — kilograms (kg) — is used for both types of mass, because they are proportional.

Weight

The terms weight and mass are often used interchangeably, especially outside of physics, but they are actually two different physical measurements. Mass is a measure of matter that an object contains, while weight is the gravitational force that an object feels due to gravity.

An object’s weight is determined by how much force is needed to accelerate it, and the more mass an object has, the more it will resist acceleration. For example, a small kitten has very little mass, so it can be moved with a relatively light force. An elephant, on the other hand, has a lot of mass, so it will take a significant amount of force to move it.

In some occupations, such as chemistry and metallurgy, it is important to know the difference between mass and weight so that specific applications are correctly addressed. In other cases, such as in commerce and common usage, the words can be interchanged. However, it is advisable to phase out the use of weight in favor of mass whenever possible.

A quality weighing process is crucial for manufacturing applications. It helps ensure consistency, maintain product quality & safety guidelines.

Analytical balances are high precision instruments that should be handled with care. Excessive shock can damage the instrument and cause inaccurate readings.

For best results, tare the balance using standard weights before placing your sample. For applications that don’t require precise accuracy, Direct Weighing is an efficient and cost-effective method.

Accuracy

Accuracy refers to how close your measurements are to a known value. For example, if you weigh the same substance five times and get different readings each time, your results aren’t accurate. Precise, on the other hand, refers to how close your measurements are to each other.

A digital weighing system’s accuracy depends on the accuracy of its components. Load cells (also called load sensors or transducers) bend with mechanical force and convert that bending into an analog output signal that the controller can read. The sensor’s bending is measured by strain gauges bonded to points on the load cell.

Choosing quality components that are suited to your application and installing them properly can go a long way toward improving weighing accuracy. For instance, choose a load cell with an impressive worst-case specification and take steps to prevent external factors like vibrations from affecting your measurements. Also, keep moisture away from your weighing system, as humidity can wreak havoc on its performance.

Efficiency

In a production environment, accurate weighing is critical for meeting recipe specifications & quality requirements. From weighing raw ingredients as part of the incoming goods inspections to final product dispensing or formulation, consistent measurement accuracy helps produce uniform batches. Frequent out-of-specification results can be costly in terms of time & resources.

Regularly performing sensitivity tests helps avoid sensitivity drift, an inaccuracy that occurs over time. This is especially important at the higher end of the weighing range, as sensitivity is the dominant contributor to overall measurement uncertainty. It’s also a good idea to periodically perform cornerload & eccentricity tests, as they can also contribute to inaccurate measurements.

Safety

Weighing systems are used in a variety of industries and workplaces to perform quality control tasks that help ensure product consistency and maintain safety guidelines. METTLER TOLEDO’s quality control weighing systems are designed to deliver the best possible results in any scenario with an emphasis on contamination control.

Weighing by difference is the preferred method for accurate measurements when there is a high level of contamination concern. This involves taring the balance (the initial reading is zero) by placing an empty container such as a beaker on the weighing pan then adding the sample to obtain the mass displayed.

Be sure to keep the weighing chamber doors closed during the weighing process and use forceps or pipets that are clean and free from oil. Also, avoid touching the weighing pan or other parts of the instrument with bare hands as this could lead to cross-contamination and erroneous readings. Additionally, the location of the weighing device should be taken into account as vibrations and air currents can influence weighing measurements.

Maintenance

Weighing systems help companies increase efficiency & decrease deviation from a set standard. They also make data tracking effortless. Whether you’re looking for a quality control system or a production scale, Michelli can create a solution to suit your needs.

A simple way to keep track of balance drift is by weighing a check-weight on a regular basis (before and after a calibration). The check weight should be an object that remains constant in size & has a known mass. The calibration should be done at the current ambient laboratory temperature to avoid errors due to changes in the balance’s environment.

Always clean a lab balance thoroughly after weighing chemicals or other substances that can leave debris behind. Even a small amount of dust or dirt can cause inaccurate readings. If possible, use a damp, lint-free microfiber towel to wipe down the glass draft shields & stainless-steel weighing platforms.

A quality weighing process relies on more than just the right balance or scale. It also requires the proper procedure, equipment maintenance and a full audit trail.

Pharmaceutical and chemical industries often work with highly sensitive substances that require high accuracy. For this reason, weighing by difference is the preferred method for these applications.

Accuracy

The accuracy of your weighing process is critical to ensuring that your product meets the set standards needed for quality control and regulatory compliance. It’s important to understand what can affect the accuracy of your scale so you can make adjustments accordingly.

The first step to achieving accurate weighing results is to ensure that your weighing system has the right components and is in the right environment. One of the main components is your weighing load cell, which takes a mechanical force (such as you placing a weight on the scale) and converts it into an electrical signal. Moisture, temperature, and wire resistance can all cause interference in this signal.

It’s also important to make sure that your weighing scale is as stable as possible. This means ensuring that the floor or structure under it is strong enough to support the weight of your scale and other equipment without flexing. You can also reduce interference by using a draft shield on your Adam semi-micro or analytical balance and cleaning it regularly to eliminate any potential contaminants that can cause readings to drift.

Efficiency

Accurate weighing equipment can help your manufacturing business run lean and eliminate waste. This means less over-processing and fewer reworks to meet consumer demands.

Weighing raw materials, batch ingredients and final products is vital for meeting specifications, controlling costs and maintaining quality. Inaccurate weighing and inaccurate records can lead to out-of-specification results, which cost money and time to correct. Using best practices for your weighing system, such as calibration and preventative maintenance, can ensure peak performance and accuracy.

Efficient weighing processes can also increase your productivity by eliminating manual data entry and allowing you to make informed decisions that drive efficiency. Integrating your weighing instruments into your manufacturing software or ERP system allows data to trigger automation like opening valves or adjusting feed rates, which can optimize production and reduce waste. Choosing equipment designed to withstand your manufacturing environment and use conditions can further enhance efficiency. You can also improve efficiency by connecting weighing instrumentation to your plant controls, making it possible to share weights instantly to avoid rework or delays.

Safety

While weighing error is not entirely avoidable due to scale sensibility and calibration and technological limitations, it can be significantly reduced through weighing best practices. For example, hygroscopic samples that absorb moisture from the air can cause inaccurate measurements. It is also important to use clean hands and only touch the weights with a dry spatula to minimize any hand grease that could affect readings.

The weighing process is especially critical in hazardous industrial environments where a single spark might cause an explosion. In chemical, petrochemical, pharmaceutical and port areas that work with volatile chemicals and materials, safety standards like ATEX govern the operation of weighing equipment. A risk assessment, proper training and choosing technology designed for explosive environments are key to eliminating potential hazards.

For example, explosion-proof balances provide a safe working environment by allowing for electronic calibration to eliminate the need to bring test weights into the hazardous area. Integrated diagnostics allow system troubleshooting from the control room to further reduce the risk of bringing foreign material into an explosive atmosphere.

Reliability

Weighing is a common technique for measuring dry bulk material quantities and flowrates. It doesn’t require contact with the material, making it suitable for corrosive applications and operating in hazardous environments. It also eliminates measurement errors from the density of the material, allowing the user to focus on other factors that may influence batch quality.

Load cells are the basis of 99% of process weighing systems and must be selected with care from the outset to ensure accuracy, especially in hazardous areas. Load cells sense the load of a weigh vessel or platform and transmit an electrical signal via a junction box to a weight controller.

A weighing system that’s frequently used should be checked on a regular basis for issues such as vibrations, temperature and air currents that can affect readings. Keeping the balances in a stable environment and having them regularly calibrated with calibration weights will help to reduce these disturbances.

Controlling your weight involves adopting healthy lifestyle behaviors, such as eating nutritious foods and getting enough exercise. These can help you avoid obesity and prevent chronic medical conditions that are related to it.

Many people gain weight because of a combination of factors. Some of these include:

1. Reduce the Size of Your Plate

Using smaller plates, bowls and utensils encourages portion control, which is an important tool for maintaining a healthy weight. Several studies have found that eating from smaller dishes can help people consume less food.

During a meal, people tend to fill their plate with a combination of foods, including starchy vegetables, protein and fats. When these foods are served on large plates, they tend to look more substantial than they actually are.

By switching to smaller dinnerware, you can create a visual illusion of fullness by prioritising nutrient-rich foods, such as non-starchy vegetables, whole grains and lean protein. Choosing to eat these foods can also promote mindful eating, which encourages you to pay attention to your hunger and fullness cues. The result is that you are more likely to eat only until you are satisfied. This can help you achieve your weight loss goals.

2. Divide Your Meals Into Smaller Parts

Although it may seem counterintuitive, splitting your meals into smaller portions can help control weight. Having smaller, more frequent meals helps keep your blood sugar and energy levels consistent throughout the day. This is especially important if you are eating at restaurants because meal sizes tend to be twice as large as what you need for proper portion control.

To make this easier, consider buying a set of small plastic containers that have different compartments for different foods. This way, you can have a container for veggies, one for protein and another for carbs. These containers will also come in handy for preparing ahead of time to take on the go.

3. Reduce Your Sugar Intake

It’s important to understand how much sugar you are eating and drinking. Most Americans eat more than the recommended amount of added sugars, which add up to 270 calories a day on average (see figure below). The new Nutrition Facts label makes it easier to identify added sugars, by listing them separately from other carbohydrates.

Limiting added sugars can be difficult, especially if you’re used to sweet drinks and snacks, but you can make changes over time. Try replacing soda or fruit-flavored beverages with low-fat milk or carbonated water. Or choose plain yogurt and add a dash of cinnamon or some sliced fruit to your meal.

It’s best to avoid artificial sweeteners as well, as they can have a similar effect as sugar on your body. They can also interfere with the good bacteria in your gut that help manage your blood sugar levels and lead to weight gain. Instead, stick to a variety of natural fruits for your daily sweet fix and be sure to include whole foods like nuts and seeds, beans and lentils, vegetables and lean meats.

Scale is a multiplier that indicates the size of an object on paper or in reality. For example, a standard scale for house plans is 1/8 inch on the plan equals one foot in reality.

Participants evaluated a number of different definitions for the types and characteristics of scale. Many of these definitions were ambiguous.

Definition

Scale is a multi-disciplinary concept which can lead to ambiguous definitions. This is especially true when the discipline of use is different from the original field of study. This was the case with “Cartographic scale” and “Modelling scale”, two types of scales which are both associated with remote sensing but have more in common with geoinformatics than with geography.

The aim of this study was to review existing types and definitions of scale, systematically investigate their level of ambiguity and determine their applicability. In this context we interviewed 150 scientific researchers from a range of geospatial disciplines. Question one asked participants to rate the importance of spatial and temporal scales in their work. The results revealed that most participants considered “Modelling scale” and “Cartographic scale” to be important but ‘Observation scale” and the policy scale were less frequently mentioned. In question two respondents were also able to provide comments and remarks about the definitions provided.

Examples

Examples of scale can be found all around us. They help us understand the relationship between size and importance of objects in a work of art, like this bas-relief sculpture. They allow us to see how a building fits into its environment, such as this photograph of Foster’s St Mary Axe Street skyscraper in London. They are used to create blueprints for machinery and architecture, to shrink vast lands into small pieces of paper like maps, and to assist architects, machine-makers and engineers in the design process by giving them a visual way to represent the size of their designs.

Many participants in this research identified several types of scale, but they had different understandings of the definitions. This can be caused by disciplinary boundaries, but it can also be the result of the fact that some definitions are ambiguous or may not apply in all disciplines (e.g., constant sum scales). It is important that any scale definitions are clear and applicable across the disciplines.

Connections

Scaling is the process of assigning objects to different categories based on their sizes. This concept can be applied to a number of fields, including research and statistics. It can be used to highlight important data points or create a narrative within an infographic.

Scale is also a common concept in art. Artists often use scale to emphasize certain elements through disproportionate size. It can be seen in works like the statue of David or Claude Debussy’s L’Isle Joyeuse.

While the concepts of size and proportion are often confused, they are very distinct. Proportion refers to the relationship of different sized components within one whole composition. Scale is the ratio of an object to another whole object.

Applications

Scaling allows businesses to expand beyond their local area and serve a broader demographic. This can help businesses gain valuable market insights and intelligence, which they can use to refine their products or services. It can also allow them to develop innovative marketing strategies and create new business opportunities.

Many commercial scales require periodic calibration for accuracy. This is because they intrinsically measure the force of gravity, which varies from place to place. They need to be calibrated for each location in order to get an accurate measurement of mass.

Digital scales work by using devices called load cells, which convert a physical force into an electronic signal that can be measured. These cells come in different designs depending on the type of weighing device. Most commercial scales have a structure that houses these cells and a signal conditioner. These scales can be used for medical, industrial, and retail applications. They can weigh objects in a variety of units, including grams, ounces, pounds, grains, karats, and percentages.

Measures are calculations that you apply to data points. You can use them in Power BI visuals to calculate values on individual records at the row level.

A measurement is a unit of quantity, such as length or weight. But it also can mean an action or a step toward a goal.

Purpose

Measurements are important for understanding the world around us and for solving problems. They are the foundation of all science, mathematics and engineering disciplines.

Learning to read and use meters, grams, kilograms and tons is an essential part of school math education. These units are used to describe length, force, weight and volume/capacity.

Moving beyond descriptive to diagnostic is the next step in measurement. This allows you to see trends over time, understand why something happened and what actions will improve the situation.

Setting metrics reveals issues to be addressed, provides objective results, and maintains alignment of data management processes with business objectives. Using a mix of automated and manual processes will help stakeholders gain proficiency at measuring. It’s also important to consider what types of data you are looking for when choosing your metrics and measures. This may affect the type of process or product you choose to measure. For example, if you want to measure both Sales and Profit, you will need to choose two individual measures that can be combined in a view.

Types

There are many different types of measures and metrics. Each one has its own particular application, depending on what a measure is used to evaluate or track. For example, a process measure would focus on a set of steps that must be followed in order to achieve an outcome. A quality measure is more specific, assessing how well something has been done.

The nominal level is the most basic, involving labeling observations into categories that must be mutually exclusive and exhaustive (for example,’sick’ or ‘healthy’ when measuring health). The ordinal level allows for rank ordering (1st, 2nd, 3rd etc.) but doesn’t allow for a degree of difference between observations, such as the ‘wrong’ or ‘right’ judgments made by a jury in a court case.

A ratio measurement reflects the relative importance of attributes. For example, a product survey might ask respondents to allocate a constant sum of points, dollars or chips among the stimulus objects to determine which are most important.

Choosing the Right Measures and Metrics

Choosing metrics should be based on what is most important to the business goals and objectives. Avoid vanity metrics and those that provide no insight or indicate opportunities for action. It’s also important to select metrics that provide a high level of accuracy and consistency (e.g., apple-to-apple trending) and can be produced efficiently.

A measure is a data point that represents an individual unit of measurement, such as number of candles sold in a transaction or average basket size. A metric puts that measure in context, such as a sales performance indicator, customer satisfaction score or revenue growth rate.

Ultimately, KPIs track progress toward strategic goals and metrics add insights for more contextual data to inform decision-making. By carefully defining and matching goals, establishing appropriate metrics and consistently assessing their relevance to business needs, organizations can effectively track performance and meet their goals. The right combination of measures, metrics and KPIs creates an aligned performance tracking framework.

Using Measures and Metrics

The right metrics can help you focus your team on what’s important, whether it’s increasing efficiency or decreasing complaints. They also provide a window into the company’s ambition, ethos and performance.

Metrics are the building blocks of KPIs, which track strategic goals and provide context. Without them, you don’t have the data to assess your progress toward a desired outcome or understand why your results are good or bad.

Measures can represent business-specific values, such as products sold, web visits or calls received. They can also include values from processes, such as operating temperature, cycles or speed. The most useful metrics are those that support SMART goals (Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant and Time-Bound). For example, a software development company could use measures to track bug resolution times or customer feedback, which would help them prioritize features for new releases and ensure customer satisfaction. Moreover, they could identify bottlenecks in their process and make improvements to reduce lead times or improve on-time delivery.

A kid’s natural curiosity will fuel a desire to learn about all the things that surround them. Introducing kids to concepts like mass early can help them effortlessly grasp more complicated concepts in physics later on.

Mass is a quantitative measure of the inertia of matter. It doesn’t depend on the shape of atoms in the object, but only its size.

Units of Mass

Using a balance, you can measure the amount of matter an object contains. Mass is measured in kilograms (kg), although smaller masses are often measured in grams (g). In order to determine an object’s mass, you must place the object on one side of the scale and then add weight to the other side until the scale balances. The weight required to balance the scale is equal to the object’s mass.

In physics, mass is a property of matter and an object’s resistance to change in speed or position when a force is applied. It is not to be confused with weight, which is the downward force exerted on an object due to gravity.

The kilogram is the base unit of mass in the International System of Units. It is a solid cylinder of platinum and iridium kept in a vault along with six official copies at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures in Sevres, France. Until 2019, the kilogram was defined by comparing it to the physical prototype, but a new definition is planned that will fix its value to an invariant of nature.

Calculating Mass

Mass is the quantitative measure of inertia, an object’s resistance to change in its speed or position given a net force. It is defined as the ratio of an object’s density to its volume. It can be calculated by using Newton’s second law, F = ma, where “F” is the force applied to an object and “m” is its mass.

Although mass and weight are often used interchangeably, they are not the same. While mass represents the amount of matter in an object, weight depends on the gravitational acceleration of that matter. Gravitational acceleration changes based on location, so an object’s weight can vary significantly between Earth and the Moon, for example.

In order to calculate mass, the most common method is to use a balance. A balance is a type of scale that subtracts an object’s container and sample from its total mass to determine its value. It is also possible to use a device that measures an object’s acceleration to determine its mass, using the formula mass = force * acceleration.

Using a Balance

Using a balance to measure mass is an important skill in the lab. These expensive instruments are often delicate and require special care. Always be certain that the instrument is completely clean and on a firm surface. Never place a chemical directly on the balance pan; instead use a weigh boat or weighing paper. Weigh boats can be placed in a microfuge tube, a small vial, or a weighing cylinder to protect the balance from chemicals that could damage it. Depending on the type of work being done, you may need to also use a spatula for manipulating the sample.

When the balance is set up, it must be tared to zero by pressing the labeled button or pressing a tare bar. Zeroing the balance removes any remaining residue from the instrument, which will allow it to be more accurately measured. Be sure the tare value is written down, especially when using a hygroscopic substance (one that takes up moisture). If the balance has doors, be sure they are closed; air movement affects the accuracy of mass measurements.

Calibration

Calibration is the process of using standard, traceable, calibrated tools to compare and test the output signal of a device to identify any deviation from the expected signal. This teaches the instrument how to better produce accurate results by establishing a relationship with these known values.

High precision mass measurements can be performed by comparing the weight of a sample to a stainless steel calibration standard. The conventional mass, or true mass, is reported, along with an uncertainty that establishes a probable universe within which the true value lies (this is analogous to the measurement error that would be present on a laboratory balance).

Internal calibration is generally more accurate than external calibration due to its ability to correct for differences in instrument parameters and space charge effects. The use of cluster ions as internal calibrants may be challenging for some instruments, however, because their m/z signals are often close to those of the analyte and will cause overlapping ion peak assignments.

Weighing is a key step in the food production process. Properly calibrated and operated balances can ensure product recipe specifications are met, quality compliance is maintained and waste is minimized.

Weighing by difference is a method that can be used for products that do not require pinpoint accuracy. It is a convenient and efficient technique for reducing defect waste in your production process.

Weighing Equipment

The quality of weighing equipment is a primary factor in determining system accuracy. Choosing quality components specifically designed for your application can help to eliminate errors caused by mechanical forces and environmental factors.

The load cell is the heart of any weighing system. It takes a mechanical force (your weight pushing down on the scale) and turns it into an electrical signal that is measured by strain gauges bonded to the load cell. Choosing a top-quality load cell with an impressive worst-case specification will go a long way toward improving your overall weighing accuracy.

Other factors can affect your weighing accuracy, including shock loading and vibrations. Dumping heavy material on a weighing system can cause it to overload, while sensitive load cells may interpret vibrations as extra force. Installing a feeder to control the flow of materials into your weigh vessel can help reduce this type of error. Large temperature changes can also cause a weighing system to expand and contract, which can affect accuracy.

Weighing Procedures

The weighing procedures used in a laboratory can greatly affect the accuracy of a measurement. Depending on the precision needs of the application and the characteristics of the substances being measured, the weighing method selected will vary.

For example, if you are weighing fine powders, it is important to use an antistatic device in order to minimize the dust particles that can cause errors. The same is true for process weighing applications such as level or inventory measuring and dispensing, bagging, or batch blending of various materials.

In addition, regular routine testing between scheduled calibrations can help reduce weighing errors. These tests should include sensitivity, linearity and eccentricity tests using calibrated test weights. Routine testing also helps to identify if the balance or scale is nearing tolerance or warning limits, so corrective action can be taken as needed.

Calibration Procedures

As any instrument, scales and balances require calibration. A properly calibrated weighing instrument will display an accurate zero when not under load and produce output results that are within the calibration tolerance limits set by the manufacturer.

A proper calibration is performed by a certified technician who uses known weights to adjust the weighing instrument. The scales should then be tested under varying loads and conditions to determine the calibration tolerance.

All instruments can have repeatability issues, meaning that if the same load is measured multiple times the result is not always exactly the same. To test for this, an eccentricity test can be done.

When selecting a calibration company it is important to choose one that has highly-trained technicians with years of experience performing expert calibrations. The technician should also be NIST H-44 certified and have a clear understanding of your specific process needs. The technician should also have superior documentation practices and attention to detail.

Error Prevention

Many factors can interfere with the measurement signal and distort weight results. For example, vibrations, temperature changes and draft can lead to inconsistent measurements. In addition, pressure differences can cause the load cell to interpret additional force as weight and cause the reading to change. Finally, the weighing system may be subject to interference from electromagnetic fields (EMI and RFI), which can cause noise that throws off the measurement.

Choose a location for your balance that is shielded from vibrations, draft and other environmental conditions that can distort the readings. Similarly, make sure that the balance is not positioned over air conditioning ducts or larger laboratory equipment, as this can lead to a variety of distortions.

Use clean, lint-free gloves when handling the weighing container and test weights to avoid transfer of sweat and oils that can alter the reading. Choose a tare container that is small in size and made of a metal that will not react with the sample material.

Maintaining a healthy weight is an important part of overall health. Keeping your body weight in the right range reduces your risk for heart disease, high blood pressure, stroke and diabetes.

Eating more nutrient-rich foods can help you control your appetite and avoid weight fluctuations. In addition, losing weight decreases the risk of certain cancers, including pancreatic, breast (post-menopausal), endometrial and liver cancer.

Self-monitoring

Self-monitoring is an essential part of behavioral treatment for weight loss. It is a method of assessing behavior change and has been found to correlate with weight loss in behavioral therapy studies. It can be a simple tool such as writing down food and exercise in a diary or more advanced, expensive technology that uses sensors to monitor movement and analyze sweat.

These devices use accelerometers, heat flux and galvanic skin response technologies to measure calories burned, as well as to record the time of day and type of activity. Some also include a pedometer, which records daily steps. This information is uploaded to the user’s computer or smartphone and can be compared against daily, weekly and monthly goals.

In one study, dietary and physical activity self-monitoring adherence was significantly correlated with weight loss. Participants who were highly consistent with self-monitoring lost more weight than those who were less consistent (8). Self-monitoring is a powerful tool for weight loss and should be implemented as early as possible.

Psychologists

Psychologists specialize in the study of human behavior, including emotions and motivations. They also focus on human learning and development. They may conduct experiments with animals, such as rats or dogs, to learn how animal behavior relates to human behavior.

Many psychologists spend several years in graduate school, performing psychological research and developing their skills. They are highly trained in the administration, scoring and interpretation of psychological tests, whereas psychiatrists do not receive this type of training.

The American Psychological Association code of ethics states that therapists must aim to “promote the welfare and physical health of their clients.” This means a therapist cannot encourage his or her client to lose weight. However, some therapists and counselors do use their professional skills to help people manage eating and exercise habits. They can help their clients identify emotions that trigger overeating and emotional eating, as well as teach them coping strategies. They can also teach their patients healthy behaviors to replace unhelpful behaviors, such as incorporating vegetables into meals.

Scale is the system of measuring and classifying objects or events according to a set of standards. It can be used to shrink vast lands onto maps, or to create blueprints and scale models for machinery and architecture.

To assess construct validity, future researchers should seek support for the new scale in information collected on sociodemographic questionnaires. This will increase the likelihood of convergent and discriminant validity.

Definition

The scale of something is its size or extent. It can also refer to a series of steps or levels, like the Richter scale for measuring an earthquake, or the pay scale that determines how much someone should be paid.

The term scale is often used in music, for example when describing the interval patterns that compose a particular musical tone system. The number of different possible interval patterns is almost infinite, but particular scales tend to become conventionalized within a culture or musical tradition. The most complex scales occur in non-Western cultures, such as grama in India or dastgah in Iran or maqam in Muslim music.

A graphical scale is a line graph showing lengths enlarged or reduced by a fixed factor, called the scale factor. This is usually a fraction, but it can be a ratio. Scaling helps architects, engineers and machine-makers work with models of three-dimensional objects that would be too large to hold if they were their actual size. It also lets them shrink vast lands into small pieces of paper, such as a map.

Origin

Scale is the name of a set of tones that form a basis for melodies and harmonies. Scales are used in music by many cultures around the world, and are a fundamental to music theory.

The word scale is also used to refer to a range of levels, like the Richter scale for earthquakes or a pay scale for employees. The term is derived from the Latin verb for ladder, and it has been in use since the Middle Ages.

When a plant is infested with scale insects, it can appear as if it has a disease. Their shell-like bump appearance often leads to confusion with a fungal disease, which is why it is important to understand what scale insects are and take action as soon as they’re first spotted. Armored (hard) scale insects secrete a hard protective covering over their bodies and tend to stay in one place, where they feed on the contents of individual plant cells and exude honeydew.

Purpose

The scale of something refers to its size or extent. This may be a building, a mountain range or a football team.

Music theorists use a set of rules to define a musical scale. It can also be described as being hemitonic or cohemitonic, or as having specific intervals. Some non-Western music, such as indigenous Australian Aboriginal singing, is not defined by a particular scale because the composers were not aware of it as a theoretical concept.

Maps often include a scale that indicates how much a given distance on the map represents in actual real world terms. The scale may be printed on the map or written as a ratio. Many maps are created in a wide range of scales, from local to global. This is because different types of maps are used for different purposes. Local scales tend to be small, while regional and global ones are larger. There are also a variety of map scales in between, depending on the geographic phenomena being represented.

Types

The types of scale used to take measurements determine the type of information they provide. There are four levels of scale: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio. Understanding these four levels is important because the kind of scale a researcher uses will affect the statistical techniques that can be legitimately used in their analysis.

For example, if the researcher uses an interval scale variable (which is one in which zero really means zero and addition and subtraction are meaningful), they will be able to compare responses between different respondents. However, if they use a nominal scale variable (one in which no number actually means anything), their data will be limited to only establishing an association between the variables.

Scales are essential in the music of many cultures, including nonliterate and folk cultures. Highly developed, complex systems governing the use of scales exist in many of these cultures. These scales are often called grama in India, dastgah in Iran, and maqam in Muslim culture. They have interval patterns that are classified into categories such as diatonic, chromatic, and major or minor scales.